Python中的檔案操作

1# Open and read a text file safely using a context manager.
2with open("example.txt", "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:
3    # Read all lines lazily (as an iterator) and process each line.
4    for line in f:
5        print(line.rstrip())

1# Write (overwrite) to a file.
2with open("output.txt", "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
3    f.write("First line\n")
4    f.write("Second line\n")
5
6# Append to the same file.
7with open("output.txt", "a", encoding="utf-8") as f:
8    f.write("Appended line\n")

1# Read and write binary files.
2with open("image.png", "rb") as src:
3    data = src.read()
4
5with open("copy.png", "wb") as dst:
6    dst.write(data)

1# Copy a large file in chunks to avoid using too much memory.
2CHUNK_SIZE = 64 * 1024  # 64 KB
3
4with open("large_source.bin", "rb") as src,      open("large_dest.bin", "wb") as dst:
5    while True:
6        chunk = src.read(CHUNK_SIZE)
7        if not chunk:
8            break
9        dst.write(chunk)

 1# Explicitly set the internal buffer size to 128 KB for faster I/O.
 2CHUNK_SIZE = 64 * 1024
 3BUFFER_SIZE = 128 * 1024  # 128 KB internal buffer
 4
 5with open("large_source.bin", "rb", buffering=BUFFER_SIZE) as src,      open("large_dest.bin", "wb", buffering=BUFFER_SIZE) as dst:
 6    while True:
 7        chunk = src.read(CHUNK_SIZE)
 8        if not chunk:
 9            break
10        dst.write(chunk)

 1from pathlib import Path
 2
 3path = Path("data") / "notes.txt"
 4
 5# Ensure parent directory exists.
 6path.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
 7
 8# Write and read using pathlib.
 9path.write_text("Example content\n", encoding="utf-8")
10content = path.read_text(encoding="utf-8")
11print(content)

 1import tempfile
 2
 3# Create a temporary file that is deleted on close.
 4with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(
 5    mode="w+",
 6    encoding="utf-8",
 7    delete=True
 8) as tmp:
 9    tmp.write("temporary data\n")
10    tmp.seek(0)
11    print(tmp.read())
12
13# tmp is deleted here

 1import shutil
 2
 3# Copy a file preserving metadata.
 4shutil.copy2("source.txt", "dest.txt")
 5
 6# Move a file or directory.
 7shutil.move("old_location", "new_location")
 8
 9# Remove an entire directory tree (use with caution).
10shutil.rmtree("some_directory")

 1import os
 2import stat
 3from datetime import datetime
 4
 5st = os.stat("example.txt")
 6print("size:", st.st_size)
 7print("modified:", datetime.fromtimestamp(st.st_mtime))
 8
 9# Make file read-only for owner.
10os.chmod("example.txt", stat.S_IREAD)

 1# Unix-style file locking example
 2import fcntl
 3
 4with open("output.txt", "a+", encoding="utf-8") as f:
 5    fcntl.flock(f, fcntl.LOCK_EX)
 6    try:
 7        f.write("Safe write\n")
 8        f.flush()
 9    finally:
10        fcntl.flock(f, fcntl.LOCK_UN)

 1import os
 2from pathlib import Path
 3import tempfile
 4
 5def atomic_write(path: Path, data: str, encoding="utf-8"):
 6    # Write to a temp file in the same directory and atomically replace.
 7    dirpath = path.parent
 8    with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(
 9        mode="w",
10        encoding=encoding,
11        dir=str(dirpath),
12        delete=False
13    ) as tmp:
14        tmp.write(data)
15        tmp.flush()
16        tempname = tmp.name
17
18    # Atomic replacement (on most OSes)
19    os.replace(tempname, str(path))
20
21# Usage
22atomic_write(Path("config.json"), '{"key":"value"}\n')

1import mmap
2
3with open("data.bin", "r+b") as f:
4    mm = mmap.mmap(f.fileno(), 0)  # map entire file
5    try:
6        print(mm[:20])  # first 20 bytes
7        mm[0:4] = b"\x00\x01\x02\x03"  # modify bytes
8    finally:
9        mm.close()

 1import csv
 2import json
 3import pickle
 4
 5# CSV write
 6with open("rows.csv", "w", encoding="utf-8", newline="") as f:
 7    writer = csv.writer(f)
 8    writer.writerow(["name", "age"])
 9    writer.writerow(["Alice", 30])
10
11# JSON write
12data = {"items": [1, 2, 3]}
13with open("data.json", "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
14    json.dump(data, f, ensure_ascii=False, indent=2)
15
16# Pickle write (only for trusted environments)
17obj = {"key": "value"}
18with open("obj.pkl", "wb") as f:
19    pickle.dump(obj, f)

1import gzip
2
3# Write gzipped text.
4with gzip.open("text.gz", "wt", encoding="utf-8") as f:
5    f.write("Compressed content\n")
6
7# Read gzipped text.
8with gzip.open("text.gz", "rt", encoding="utf-8") as f:
9    print(f.read())

 1from pathlib import Path
 2
 3def safe_path(base_dir: Path, user_path: str) -> Path:
 4    candidate = (base_dir / user_path).resolve()
 5    if base_dir.resolve() not in candidate.parents and base_dir.resolve() != candidate:
 6        raise ValueError("Invalid path")
 7    return candidate
 8
 9# Usage
10base = Path("/srv/app/data")
11
12# Raises an exception: attempted path traversal outside `base`
13safe = safe_path(base, '../etc/passwd')