`String` 객체

1// Primitive string
2const a = "hello";
3
4// String wrapper object
5const b = new String("hello");
6
7console.log(typeof a); // "string"
8console.log(typeof b); // "object"
9console.log(a === b);  // false — wrapper objects are not strictly equal

1const name = "Alice";
2const age = 30;
3
4// Template literal
5const greeting = `Name: ${name}, Age: ${age + 1}`;
6
7console.log(greeting); // "Name: Alice, Age: 31"

 1const text = "Hello, world! Hello again.";
 2
 3// search
 4console.log(text.indexOf("Hello"));       // 0
 5console.log(text.indexOf("Hello", 1));    // 13
 6console.log(text.includes("world"));      // true
 7console.log(text.startsWith("Hello"));    // true
 8console.log(text.endsWith("again."));     // true
 9
10// slice / substring
11console.log(text.slice(7, 12));           // "world"
12console.log(text.substring(7, 12));       // "world"

1const csv = "red,green,blue";
2const arr = csv.split(","); // ["red","green","blue"]
3
4console.log(arr);
5console.log(arr.join(" | ")); // "red | green | blue"

 1const s = "foo 1 foo 2";
 2
 3// replace first only
 4console.log(s.replace("foo", "bar")); // "bar 1 foo 2"
 5
 6// replace all using regex
 7console.log(s.replace(/foo/g, "bar")); // "bar 1 bar 2"
 8
 9// replace with function
10const r = s.replace(/\d+/g, (match) => String(Number(match) * 10));
11console.log(r);    // "foo 10 foo 20"

 1// Case conversion example:
 2// "\u00DF" represents the German letter "ß".
 3// In some locales, converting "ß" to uppercase becomes "SS".
 4// JavaScript follows this behavior.
 5console.log("\u00DF");
 6console.log("\u00DF".toUpperCase()); // "SS"
 7
 8// Unicode normalization example:
 9// "e\u0301" is "e" + a combining acute accent.
10// "\u00e9" is the precomposed character "é".
11// These two look the same but are different code point sequences.
12const a = "e\u0301";
13const b = "\u00e9";
14
15console.log(a === b);   // false: different underlying code points
16console.log(a.normalize() === b.normalize()); // true: normalized to the same form

 1// Emoji composed with multiple code points:
 2// "\u{1F469}" = woman, "\u{200D}" = Zero Width Joiner (ZWJ),
 3// "\u{1F4BB}" = laptop. Combined, they form a single emoji: 👩‍💻
 4const s = "\u{1F469}\u{200D}\u{1F4BB}";
 5console.log(s);
 6
 7// Length in UTF-16 code units (not actual Unicode characters):
 8// Because this emoji uses surrogate pairs + ZWJ, the length may be > 1.
 9console.log("Length:", s.length);
10
11// Iterate by Unicode code points (ES6 for...of iterates code points):
12// Each iteration gives a full Unicode character, not UTF-16 units.
13for (const ch of s) {
14  console.log(ch);
15}
16
17// Convert to an array of Unicode characters:
18console.log(Array.from(s));

1function escapeRegex(s) {
2  return s.replace(/[.*+?^${}()|[\]\\]/g, "\\$&");
3}
4
5const userInput = "a+b";
6const pattern = new RegExp(escapeRegex(userInput), "g");
7console.log("a+b a+b".replace(pattern, "X")); // "X X"

 1// concatenation in loop (less ideal)
 2let s = "";
 3for (let i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
 4  s += i + ",";
 5}
 6
 7// using array + join (often faster for many pieces)
 8const parts = [];
 9for (let i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
10  parts.push(i + ",");
11}
12const s2 = parts.join("");

1console.log("  hello  ".trim());       // "hello"
2console.log("5".padStart(3, "0"));     // "005"
3console.log("x".repeat(5));            // "xxxxx"

1console.log(
2  "\u00E4".localeCompare("z", "de")
3); // may be -1 or other depending on locale
4
5console.log(
6  "a".localeCompare("A", undefined, { sensitivity: "base" })
7); // 0

 1// simple CSV parse (no quotes handling)
 2function parseCsvLine(line, headers) {
 3  const values = line.split(",").map(v => v.trim());
 4  const obj = {};
 5  headers.forEach((h, i) => obj[h] = values[i] ?? null);
 6  return obj;
 7}
 8
 9const headers = ["name", "age", "city"];
10const line = " Alice , 30 , New York ";
11console.log(parseCsvLine(line, headers));
12// { name: "Alice", age: "30", city: "New York" }